Journal of AdvancedMedical and Dental Sciences Research

Background: Pancytopenia is a condition characterized by a triad of findings, which includes a reduction in all three major types of formed blood elements: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets. The objective of the current study is to investigate the clinical profile of patients who present with pancytopenia. Additionally, the study aims to identify the underlying causes that lead to pancytopenia and explore the bone marrow morphology associated with various etiologies of pancytopenia. This research will contribute to a better understanding of this complex and often challenging medical condition. Methods: A study of 200 pancytopenia patients admitted to the general medicine department involved the selection of patients who underwent a thorough examination of their clinical history, physical condition, and subsequent laboratory tests. The data collected were then organized and presented in tables or graphs and subjected to analysis. Results: The study encompassed a total of 200 patients aged between 15 and 90 years. It was characterized by a male predominance, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.2:1. The most frequently observed clinical presentations were generalized weakness, which was present in 60% of cases, followed by fever in 48%. Among the common physical findings, pallor was detected in all patients, while splenomegaly was seen in 15 patients and hepatomegaly in 8 patients.When examining bone marrow aspiration cytology, the study revealed that 62% had a hypercellular marrow, 13% had a normocellular marrow, and 25% had a hypocellular marrow. Megaloblastic erythropoiesis with hypercellular marrow was observed in 78 cases. Additionally, 26 cases were diagnosed as acute leukemia, and 4 cases were diagnosed as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Hypocellular marrow was diagnosed in 50 cases, out of which 36 cases were attributed to idiopathic aplastic anemia, 4 to scrub typhus, and 4 to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Furthermore, 2 cases each of post-partum aplastic anemia, disseminated tuberculosis, and methotrexate-induced aplastic anemia were identified. Conclusion: The study's findings led to the conclusion that megaloblastic anemia stands out as the most prevalent and potentially reversible cause of pancytopenia.